Potential Benefits of Herbs and Plants

This information is designed to give consumers an introduction to benefits claimed for some common herbs and plant products. The information presented here is intended for educational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for the diagnosis or treatment of a disease or condition. Persons with potentially serious medical conditions should seek the care of a physician. Most herbals listed have not undergone rigerous scientific study necessary to support health claims that are mad.

Aloe Vera (Aloe ferox, A. barbadensis).

Internally, concentrate Aloe ferox resin is used as a strong laxative. Externally, the clear gel from the A. barbadensis leaf, is used to treat burns, abrasions, skin injuries, and in cosmetic products. A juice made from the gel is used as a drink by many consumers.

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceous).

Used in traditional Chinese and East Indian medicine for its purported immune-enhancing and tonic properties.

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).

A European version of blueberry. Bilberry extract is rich in purple/blue pigments claiming to have benefits for the eyes and cardiovascular system. In Europe, bilberry extract is used as an antioxidant. Claimed to help increase microcirculation by stimulating new capillary formation, strengthening capillary walls and increasing overall health of the circulatory system.

*Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana).

The bark is used as a stimulant laxative, especially in cases of chronic constipation. The name "sagrada" refers to "sacred bark"—a name given to it by early Spanish explorers in the Pacific Northwest. As an approved, safe and effective laxative, cascara and cascara extracts are found in numerous over-the counter laxative preparations in the U.S.

*Capsicum (Cayenne, hot pepper) (Capsicum species).

Internally, cayenne acts as a circulatory stimulant, induces preparation, and is used to stimulate digestion. Several over-the-counter products for external use in arthritic and rheumatoid conditions contain capsaicin, the hot principle in the oil of capsicum, as the active pain relieving ingredient. *Topical capsaicin preparations are also used for the relief of pain associated with herpes zoster ("shingles").

Chamomile (German) (Matricaria recutita).

Used internally, chamomile flowers are antispasmodic and used to relieve digestive upset. A popular remedy for indigestion, flatulence, gastrointestinal spasms, and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Often used as a bedtime beverage, its mild sedative effects have not been adequately scientifically proven. Externally, chamomile extracts are claimed to be useful for inflammation of skin and mucous membranes.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon).

Recent research suggests that cranberry helps to prevent urinary tract infections caused by E. coli bacteria, particularly in people with a history of recurrent infections. Cranberry is an excellent example of how common foods can have health benefits beyond their nutritional qualities. Effects modest at best.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).

The young leaves are widely used as salad greens and in tea as a natural diuretic. The roots are a mild laxative.

Dong Quai (also spelled Tang kwei or Danggui) (Angelica sinensis).

One of the most widely used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, it is primarily used in herbal formulas as a "female tonic" to treat muscle cramps and pain associated with difficult menstrual periods. Dong quai should not be used during pregnancy.

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea and related species).

Also called Purple Coneflower and native to the U.S., this plant was the most widely used medicinal plant of the Central Plains Indians, being used for a variety of conditions. The leaf and root are mildly antibacterial, antiviral, and used for wound healing. German research has pointed to the usefulness of Echinacea purpurea in strengthening the body's immune system as well as prevention and natural treatment of colds and flu. Firm scientific evidence is not yet present.

Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng) (Eleutherococcus senticosus).

This distant relative of true ginseng grows in Siberia, Manchuria, China and Northern Japan. It has been used by Russian cosmonauts and Olympic team members as a general tonic and to reduce physical and mental stress. In Germany, Siberian Ginseng is approved as a tonic to invigorate and fortify the body during fatigue or weakness and to increase work and concentration as well as an aid in patient rehabilitation. Effectiveness not substantiated by well controlled double blind placebo studies.

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)).

Evening primrose oil (EPO) is a relatively recent entrant in the herbal remedy world, having been marketed for only about 20 years. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as gamma linolenic acid (GLA) found in EPO are vital components of cellular structure. The oil, usually available in capsule form, and taken orally, has been claimed to be effective in the symptoms of PMS.

Claims have been made, but not substantiated, that deficiencies of EFAs may be responsible for a host of conditions and diseases, including cardiovascular ailments, menstrual irregularities, arthritic inflammation and hyperactivity in children.

It should be noted that dietary deficiency of any fatty acids is extremely rare in the Western diet.

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium).

Feverfew has analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. It has been used as a folk medicine for menstrual cramps since Greco-Roman times. Several published clinical studies in England in the 1980s support, but do not clearly prove, the efficacy of Feverfew leaves for prevention and moderation of the severity of migraine headaches. Important to note that an increasing number of medications available to treat migraine headaches that have been well studied.

Garlic (Allium sativum).

Although it is stated that Garlic displays antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, blood pressure and cholesterol lowering effect well controlled studies have not yet confirmed these claims. Garlic is used in Europe as an approved remedy for cardiovascular conditions, especially high cholesterol and triglyceride levels associated with risk of atherosclerosis. It is also generally regarded as a preventive measure for colds, flu and other infectious diseases. Unfortunately, well controlled and analyzed studies using powdered and oil extracts do not support the cholesterol and blood pressure lowering effects of garlic.

Whether benefits of garlic are lost in processing it to a descented pill form is unknown.

Like aspirin, Garlic has been shown to inhibit platelet clotting (and hence blood clotting) in isolated cell preparations. This is theoretically effective against heart attack and stroke. Whether these beneficial effects actually occur is not known.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale).

In addition to being very tastey, Ginger is a spice that is claimed to have medicinal benefits. It has been used to treat nausea, motion sickness and vomiting. Ginger has been used in traditional cultures to treat digestive upset and increase appetite. Scientific data support its use as an antiemetic with no known adverse reactions at recommended doses. However, it may be a potential anticoagulant, and those who overdose on ginger have shown symptoms of hypertension, central nervous system depression and dysrhythmia. It may also exacerbate existing cholelithiasis (gallstones).

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba).

Standardized extract of ginkgo leaf is claimed to increase circulation and have antioxidant activity. Well designed European and American studies, although few in number, have suggested that Ginkgo extract is benificial in persons with dementia. Effects are very modest at best. Other conditions that ginko has been used for in Europe, but not been conclusively shown to be beneficial for, include tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo, and cold extremities.

Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng).

One of the world's most famous herbs. Ginseng is classed as an "adaptogen," a relatively recent term coined by Russian researchers to describe ginseng's general tonic properties. Adaptogens are herbs that claim to increase the overall resistance to all types of stress. Other herbal adaptogens include Astragalus, Siberian Ginseng and Schizandra. Again, there is no solid scientific evidence that Ginseng is useful for anything.

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis).

Goldenseal root has a long history as a native American herb used by Indians and early settlers for its antiseptic wound-healing properties. It is also used for its soothing action on inflamed mucous membranes. A popular remedy for colds and flu. Evidence is lacking for its' effectiveness. It will likely follow Echinacea as the next cure for the flu and common cold once Echinacea's popularity wanes.

Hawthorn (Cratagus oxyacantha).

Hawthorn has a long reputation in both folk medicine and clinical medicine as a heart tonic. In Europe, hawthorn berry preparations are widely used by physicians in heart conditions, such as mild forms of angina. Hawthorn is safe to use for extended periods of time, according to European studies. European studies often do not meet the the strict standards required of American studies before a drug is approved by the FDA for prescription use. It has not been rigorously studied by the most accurate methodologies available.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. uralensis).

Licorice is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in the world, commonly used in European, Arabian and Asian traditional medicine systems. It is claimed to be soothing to inflamed mucous membranes; often recommended in treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and cough and asthma remedies. Licorice and its extracts are safe for normal use in moderate amounts. However, long-term use or ingestion of excessive amounts can produce headache, lethargy, sodium and water retention, excessive loss of potassium, and high blood pressure. There are many prescription medications far more effective when used to treat various individual conditions licorice is claimed to be useful for.

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum).

Milk Thistle has a long history of use in European folk medicine as a liver tonic. Silymarin from milk thistle has shown a protective effect against many types of chemical toxins, including alcohol, in isolated preparation. An extract of milk thistle is claimed to improve liver function, protect against liver damage and enhance regeneration of damaged liver cells. We could find not published reports, either on whole animal or humans, in a search of Medline that even investigate (much less support) these claims. Current studies are being conducted.

Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata).

Contrary to the implications of its name, passion flower is not a stimulant, nor does it incite passion; instead, it has mild sedative and calmative properties. Taken internally, passion flower is usually combined with other sedative herbs for various types of nervous conditions, including insomnia and related disorders. No controlled studies to show if it really works.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita).

Internally, peppermint has an antispasmodic action, with a calming effect on the stomach and intestinal tract. As a tea, extract, or in a capsule, peppermint is claimed to be useful for indigestion, cramp-like discomfort of the upper gastrointestinal and bile duct, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammation or irritation of the gums.

Psyllium (Plantago ovata and P. Major).

Psyllium is a major source of fiber. The primary use of psyllium seed and/or psyllium seed husks is as a bulk laxative, especially for cases of chronic constipation. The tiny seeds contain a coating of gelatinous material, which swells upon contact with moisture. This increases the movement (motility) within the colon thus producing a bowel movement without actually increasing bowel muscle contractility. Psyllium husk is an approved over-the-counter laxative and currently in many OTC preparation. Unlike cathartic (stimulant) laxatives such as milk of magnesia or senna, bulk laxatives are effective and safe when to use for prolonged periods of time.

Saw Palmetto (Sabal) (Serenoa repens; Sabal serrulata).

Saw palmetto extract is a popular remedy for enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy—BPH), a condition common in men over 50 years of age that often interferes with the ability to urinate properly. This should be used only after proper diagnosis by a physician. Clinical studies indicate that the extract can increase urine flow and reduce frequency of nighttime urination. Effectiveness appears to be similar to prescription medications used for this purpose. It should be noted that all medical treatments for urinary problems caused by prostate enlargement are effective in less than half the cases and may take 6-12 months to be effective; surgical intervention is often required.

Senna (Cassia senna).

Both senna leaves and pods (fruits) were used in ancient Arab Medine as safe and effective laxatives. Today, senna is recognized as one of the most popular and reliable stimulant laxatives. Use of senna is generally regarded as safe. However, as with all stimulant laxatives, long-term dependence may develop. Short-term use only is recommended.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis).

Valerian is claimed to be an effective and reliable sedative and sleep aid. It is used in conditions of anxiety, insomnia, nervous irritability, as a smooth-muscle relaxant and antispasmodic for menstrual cramps. Studies are inconclusive whether Valerian is effective. Reported side effects, occurring in up to 10% of users, include paradoxical insomnia, fatigue, tremor and headache, and heart palpitations

Vitex (Chaste Tree) (Vitex agnus-castus).

The small fruits of this Mediterranean tree have been used for menstrual disorders by women since Greco-Roman times. Extract of vitex is a plant preparation which claims to adjust the monthly menstruation cycle on a natural basis and cause premenstrual discomforts to subside or completely disappear. An extract of vitex is approved in Germany for menstrual disorders, PMS and painful breasts.

Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana).

The astringency of the leaves and bark makes witch hazel a popular ingredient for various skin conditions as well as for bruises and varicose veins. It is approved for use in hemorrhoid products.

Conditions Which Herbal medications are claimed to treat:

Alcohol Abuse: Milk Thistle (Silymarin), Kudzu

Anxiety: Valerian, Passion Flower

Arthritis: Devil's Claw, Boswellia, Evening Primrose Oil

Blood Pressure: Garlic, Hawthorn

Cholesterol (High): Garlic, Gugulipid

Circulation (Poor): Ginkgo biloba, Garlic, Cayenne, Hawthorn

Colds/Flu: Echinacea, Astragalus, Garlic, Goldenseal Root

Constipation: Aloe, Cascara sagrada, Senna, Psyllium

Coughs: Licorice, Wild Cherry Bark, Thyme

Depression (Mild): St. John's Wort, Valerian

Detoxification: Milk Thistle (Silymarin)

Digestion (Poor): Chamomile, Peppermint, Ginger

Fatigue: Panax Ginseng, Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)

Hemorrhoids: Horse Chestnut, Witch Hazel (topical)

Insomnia: Valerian, Passion Flower, Hops, Lemon Balm

Liver Dysfunction: Milk Thistle (Silymarin)

Memory Loss: Ginkgo biloba

Migraine Headache: Feverfew

Menstrual Irregularities/PMS: Dong Quai, Vitex agnus-castus, Evening Primrose Oil

Nausea: Ginger, Chamomile, Peppermint

Prostate Enlargement (Benign): Saw Palmetto, Pygeum africanum, Stinging Nettle Root

Skin Conditions: Calendula, Chamomile (topical), Tea Tree Oil (topical)

Stress/Tension: Valerian, Passion Flower, Kava Kava, Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)

Ulcers: Licorice, Aloe juice

Urinary Tract Problems: Cranberry, Uva Ursi

Varicose Veins: Horse Chestnut, Bilbery, Witch Hazel (topical)

Water Retention: Uva Ursi, Dandelion Leaf

Doctors Corner INternet Group, Inc. 1997-2004